Schwartz D, Mayaux M J, Guihard-Moscato M L, Spira A, Jouannet P, Czyglik F, David G
Andrologia. 1984 Sep-Oct;16(5):423-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1984.tb00389.x.
For the 13 abnormalities under consideration, the mean percentages were found to be the following: irregular head (15.2), microcephalic (9.8), elongated head (5.9), coiled tail (5.8), bent tail (4.7), thin head (4.6), cytoplasmic remains (3.2), macrocephalic (1.6), short tail (1.1), no tail (0.6), duplicate tail (0.5), duplicate head (0.4), lysis (0.4). In so far as the group studied is representative, the results obtained may be considered as "norms" with the 90th percentiles showing the upper limit of the "normal". The same mean percentages were found by MacLeod and Gold (1951) for the five abnormalities they had identified. The length of abstinence preceding the collection of the ejaculate was found to have no influence on the percentage of abnormal forms.
对于所研究的13种异常情况，平均百分比结果如下：头部不规则（15.2）、小头畸形（9.8）、头部狭长（5.9）、尾部卷曲（5.8）、尾部弯曲（4.7）、头部瘦小（4.6）、细胞质残留（3.2）、巨头畸形（1.6）、尾部短小（1.1）、无尾（0.6）、双尾（0.5）、双头（0.4）、溶解（0.4）。就所研究的群体具有代表性而言，所获得的数据结果可被视为“标准值”，第90百分位数代表“正常”的上限。MacLeod和Gold（1951年）在所确定的5种异常情况中也发现了相同的平均百分比。研究发现，采集精液前禁欲时间的长短对异常形态的百分比没有影响。
