Nielsen S, Ovesen J, Rasmussen O
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg (1978). 1984;103(3):170-4. doi: 10.1007/BF00435549.
The importance of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in relation to valgus-varus and axial rotation stability in the knee joint was investigated. Mobility patterns were drawn from ten osteoligamentous preparations after successive transection of the two parts of the ACL and the medial (MCL) and lateral collateral ligaments (LCL). The knee joint remained grossly stable after partial injury of the ACL, while sectioning of the entire ACL caused an increase in internal rotation in the extended-semiflexed position. Combined lesions to the ACL and the MCL caused considerable valgus instability increasing with flexion, the joints remaining stable in extension. Moreover, marked anteromedial instability occurred, while only slight posteromedial instability was found. Combined lesions to the ACL and the LCL caused varus instability, worst in the semiflexed position, and a consistent pivot shift in applying a valgus torque in flexion was noted. Moreover, moderate posterolateral instability was found, at its maximum in the semiflexed position. External rotatory stability is secured primarily by the MCL, secondarily by the posterior medial capsule, and finally by the ACL. The existence of lateral pivot shift is proof of damage to the ACL.
研究了前交叉韧带（ACL）在膝关节外翻-内翻和轴向旋转稳定性方面的重要性。在依次切断ACL的两部分以及内侧（MCL）和外侧副韧带（LCL）后，从十个骨韧带标本中得出活动模式。ACL部分损伤后膝关节仍保持大体稳定，而切断整个ACL会导致在伸直-半屈曲位时内旋增加。ACL和MCL联合损伤会导致明显的外翻不稳定，且随着屈曲程度增加，关节在伸直位时保持稳定。此外，出现了明显的前内侧不稳定，而仅发现轻微的后内侧不稳定。ACL和LCL联合损伤会导致内翻不稳定，在半屈曲位时最严重，并且在屈曲时施加外翻扭矩时会出现持续的轴移。此外，发现了中度的后外侧不稳定，在半屈曲位时最为明显。外旋稳定性主要由MCL提供，其次由后内侧关节囊提供，最后由ACL提供。外侧轴移的存在证明ACL受损。
