Modeling processes in the acquisition of fears: vicarious electrodermal conditioning to fear-relevant stimuli.

Fear-relevant (snakes, spiders, and rats) and fear-irrelevant (flowers, mushrooms, and berries) pictures were compared as conditioned and instigating stimuli in a vicarious classical conditioning paradigm with skin conductance responses as the dependent variable. A female confederate model and subject watched the pictures side by side. A female stimulus presentations, the experimenter interrupted to investigate alleged overreactions of the model to one of the stimulus classes. The model then vividly described a phobia for this object, which was to serve as a vicarious instigating stimulus. The experiment continued for a few conditioning trials, and then the experimenter announced that the disturbing stimulus would be omitted before the second part of the experiment. There was no effect of stimulus content on vicariously instigated responses, although significant overall instigation was observed. However, the responses to the stimulus that was paired with the model's phobic stimulus, that is, the vicariously conditioned responses, failed to extinguish during the second part of the experiment when it was fear-relevant but extinguished immediately when it was fear-irrelevant.