The borderline syndrome in adolescents.

The borderline adolescent is discussed in terms of diagnostic perspectives, characteristic features based on disturbed object relations, and treatment. The disorder is not fully manifest in adolescence but gradually emerges into a definable personality type, the various features of which express the unsatisfactory outcome of a complex psychodynamic struggle related to developmental arrests in psychic structure. Based on clinical observations, the diagnosis of borderline personality, like the schizoid personality, is considered to be compatible with a past, present or future schizophrenic disorder. Finally, therapeutic approaches in a day-treatment program, and individual therapy is considered from a developmental object relations viewpoint.