Zagar R, Arbit J, Stuckey M, Wengel W W
J Clin Psychol. 1984 Nov;40(6):1466-73. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198411)40:6<1466::aid-jclp2270400635>3.0.co;2-5.
Memory functions commonly decline with age. All dimensions of memory functioning may not change equally with age. Some studies have shown declines in visual-spatial memory tasks, others in remembering stories, and another in learning pairs of associated words. The purpose of this study was to determine which dimensions deteriorate with increasing age. In addition, this study examines the construct validity of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), for which previous reports note two-, three- and four-factor solutions. WMS data from 1264 males and 1141 females at six age intervals, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70-79 years, were compared on seven subtests to assess age trends. Visual-spatial memory tasks, remembering stories, and learning pairs of associated words proved more difficult with advanced age. Using theoretical, psychometric and statistical criteria, a one-factor (cluster) solution in both sexes across all age groups shows that the WMS measures only one construct, memory. This was shown by using principal component analyses, hierarchical cluster analyses, and very simple structure.
记忆功能通常会随着年龄的增长而衰退。记忆功能的所有维度随年龄变化的情况可能并不相同。一些研究表明视觉空间记忆任务能力下降，另一些研究显示故事记忆能力下降，还有研究表明学习关联词汇对的能力下降。本研究的目的是确定哪些维度会随着年龄的增长而衰退。此外，本研究还检验了韦氏记忆量表（WMS）的结构效度，此前的报告提到该量表存在二因素、三因素和四因素的解决方案。对六个年龄区间（20 - 29岁、30 - 39岁、40 - 49岁、50 - 59岁、60 - 69岁和70 - 79岁）的1264名男性和1141名女性的WMS数据进行了七个分测验的比较，以评估年龄趋势。结果表明，随着年龄的增长，视觉空间记忆任务、故事记忆以及学习关联词汇对变得更加困难。运用理论、心理测量和统计标准，对所有年龄组的男性和女性进行单因素（聚类）分析，结果显示WMS仅测量一种结构，即记忆。这一结果通过主成分分析、层次聚类分析以及非常简单的结构分析得以证明。
