Norbeck J S
Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1984;20(5):45-57.
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the development and testing of the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire (NSSQ) and to discuss several issues that have arisen in recent use of the instrument. The NSSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that measures multiple dimensions of social support. Three functional properties--affect, affirmation, and aid--from Kahn's (1979) definition of social support are measured. The network properties of size, stability (duration of relationships), and accessibility (frequency of contact) are also measured, as well as changes in the convoy or support system due to losses of relationships. Nine categories are used to determine sources of support. Graduate students of nursing (N = 130) were used as subjects for several studies to test reliability and validity, and employed adults (N = 136) were used for additional validity testing and to provide normative data. Reliability was established through analysis of internal consistency and test-retest measures taken a week apart. Very high levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability were found for the functional and network properties, and medium levels for the loss items. At a 7-month retesting, medium levels of stability were found, and the instrument was sensitive to changes in the network composition over time. Although the network composition changed, the overall level of functional support remained stable. Validity of the NSSQ was tested in relation to response bias and concurrent, construct, and predictive validity. The results indicated that the instrument is free from the response bias of social desirability. Medium levels of concurrent validity were shown with two other social support instruments. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant associations between NSSQ measures and two interpersonal constructs expected to be related to social support, while no significant relationships were found between the NSSQ measures and an unrelated interpersonal construct. Predictive validity was tested by examining the hypothesis that social support serves as a buffer for life stress. Among the functional properties, the interaction of aid and life stress accounted for 13.2% of the variance in negative mood. Of the network properties, duration of relationships had significant main and interaction effects, accounting together for 19.3% of the variance in negative mood. Normative data from a sample of employed adults provide means and standard deviations for each subscale and variable of the NSSQ, as well as descriptive data about sources of support.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
本文旨在总结诺贝克社会支持问卷（NSSQ）的开发与测试，并讨论该工具近期使用过程中出现的几个问题。NSSQ是一份自我管理的问卷，用于测量社会支持的多个维度。它测量了卡恩（1979）对社会支持定义中的三个功能属性——情感、肯定和帮助。还测量了网络属性，如规模、稳定性（关系持续时间）和可及性（接触频率），以及由于关系丧失导致的护航或支持系统的变化。使用九个类别来确定支持来源。护理专业研究生（N = 130）作为多项研究的受试者，以测试信度和效度，在职成年人（N = 136）则用于额外的效度测试并提供常模数据。通过分析内部一致性以及间隔一周进行的重测来建立信度。在功能和网络属性方面发现了非常高的内部一致性和重测信度，而在损失项目方面则为中等水平。在7个月的重测中，发现了中等水平的稳定性，并且该工具对网络构成随时间的变化很敏感。尽管网络构成发生了变化，但功能支持的总体水平保持稳定。对NSSQ的效度进行了与反应偏差以及同时效度、结构效度和预测效度相关的测试。结果表明该工具不存在社会期望的反应偏差。与其他两种社会支持工具相比，显示出中等水平的同时效度。通过NSSQ测量与预期与社会支持相关的两个人际结构之间的显著关联证明了结构效度，而在NSSQ测量与一个不相关的人际结构之间未发现显著关系。通过检验社会支持作为生活压力缓冲器的假设来测试预测效度。在功能属性中，帮助与生活压力的相互作用占负面情绪方差的13.2%。在网络属性中，关系持续时间具有显著的主效应和交互效应，共同占负面情绪方差的19.3%。来自在职成年人样本的常模数据提供了NSSQ每个子量表和变量的均值和标准差，以及关于支持来源的描述性数据。（摘要截取自400字）
