Van Bruwaene R, Gerber G B, Kirchmann R, Colard J, Van Kerkom J
Health Phys. 1984 May;46(5):1069-82. doi: 10.1097/00004032-198405000-00007.
Different radionuclides which can be released by nuclear installations (Na2(51) CrO4 , 54MnCl2 , 59FeCl3 and 60CoCl2 ) were given to lactating dairy cows either orally or by intravenous (i.v.) injection. Excretion into feces and urine as well as secretion into milk were followed for several weeks. Distribution of activity in organs was determined at sacrifice 102 days after oral and 70 days after i.v. administration. After ingestion, excretion of chromate followed a three-term exponential function with half-lives of 0.88, 3.7 and 26 days. Intestinal absorption was on the order of 0.1-0.2%. About 63% of injected chromate was excreted into urine, about 18% into feces and about 3.6% into milk. Orally administered chromate was concentrated in liver, intestine and spleen. The transfer coefficient into milk was about 1 X 10(-5) days/1. Less than 1% of an ingested dose of manganese was absorbed. Excretion occurred mainly into feces and followed a three-term exponential function. Very little manganese was excreted into urine or secreted into milk. Manganese is concentrated in brain, pancreas, kidney and heart but the differences in concentration are small. The body burden is, therefore, mainly determined by manganese in muscle, skin and bone. The transfer coefficient of manganese into milk is about 3 X 10(-5). Excretion of iron into feces after oral administration follows a three-term exponential function with a small component having a half-life of 72 days. Intestinal absorption is on the order of 0.5-2% of the dose. After i.v. administration, 7% of the dose is excreted in the feces displaying two components of turnover. Very little iron is excreted into urine. Secretion into milk also follows a two-term exponential function. The transfer coefficient of iron into milk is about 3 X 10(-5). About 0.6% of an oral and about 94% of an i.v. dose were recovered from the cows at sacrifice. Most activity was present in blood, liver and spleen. Excretion of radiocobalt into feces after oral administration is described by a three-term exponential function, while excretion into milk and urine is described by two-term exponential functions. Long-lived components in urine and milk represent about 5-10% of the activity absorbed. Only 1-2% of an oral cobalt dose is absorbed and 0.05% of an oral and 5.85% of an i.v. dose is recovered from the cow at sacrifice where concentrations are highest in kidney and thyroid. The body burden depends mainly on cobalt in muscle, skin and bone. The transfer coefficient of cobalt into milk is about 7.5 X 10(-5).
将核设施可能释放的不同放射性核素（铬酸钠（Na₂⁵¹CrO₄）、氯化锰（⁵⁴MnCl₂）、氯化铁（⁵⁹FeCl₃）和氯化钴（⁶⁰CoCl₂））以口服或静脉注射的方式给予泌乳期奶牛。对粪便和尿液中的排泄以及乳汁中的分泌情况进行了数周的跟踪。在口服给药102天后和静脉给药70天后宰杀动物，测定各器官中的放射性分布。摄入铬酸盐后，其排泄符合三项指数函数，半衰期分别为0.88天、3.7天和26天。肠道吸收率约为0.1% - 0.2%。注入的铬酸盐约63%排泄到尿液中，约18%排泄到粪便中，约3.6%分泌到乳汁中。口服的铬酸盐在肝脏、肠道和脾脏中富集。进入乳汁的转移系数约为1×10⁻⁵天⁻¹。摄入剂量的锰吸收量不到1%。排泄主要发生在粪便中，符合三项指数函数。极少的锰排泄到尿液中或分泌到乳汁中。锰在脑、胰腺、肾脏和心脏中富集，但浓度差异较小。因此，体内负荷主要由肌肉、皮肤和骨骼中的锰决定。锰进入乳汁的转移系数约为3×10⁻⁵。口服铁后，粪便中的排泄符合三项指数函数，其中一小部分半衰期为72天。肠道吸收率约为剂量的0.5% - 2%。静脉给药后，7%的剂量排泄到粪便中，呈现出两个周转成分。极少的铁排泄到尿液中。分泌到乳汁中也符合两项指数函数。铁进入乳汁的转移系数约为3×10⁻⁵。宰杀时，约0.6%的口服剂量和约94%的静脉注射剂量在奶牛体内被回收。大部分放射性存在于血液、肝脏和脾脏中。口服放射性钴后，粪便中的排泄由三项指数函数描述，而尿液和乳汁中的排泄由两项指数函数描述。尿液和乳汁中的长寿命成分约占吸收活性的5% - 10%。口服钴剂量中只有1% - 2%被吸收，宰杀时，从奶牛体内回收的口服剂量的0.05%和静脉注射剂量的5.85%，其中肾脏和甲状腺中的浓度最高。体内负荷主要取决于肌肉、皮肤和骨骼中的钴。钴进入乳汁的转移系数约为7.5×10⁻⁵。
