Briedis D, Seagrave R C
J Theor Biol. 1984 Sep 21;110(2):173-93. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5193(84)80051-x.
Generalized material and energy balances are presented for biological systems that experience negligible kinetic, elastic, and potential energy changes. The balances are used to characterize the mass changes and energy transformations that occur in the developing avian embryo, using as an example a consistent set of data for the chicken egg. It is shown that the rate of total chemical energy turnover by the embryo is a quantity of interest and that this rate is not necessarily equivalent to the metabolic rate that is predicted from heat transfer measurements or oxygen consumption rates. The energy required for evaporative water loss is accounted for in the overall energy balance. Using the results of the energy calculations and a generalized expression for the rates of internal and total entropy production, the Prigogine-Wiame hypothesis is examined for the developing embryo with two different assumptions regarding the efficiency of biomass conversion. An order of magnitude analysis of the internal heat-conduction term is performed to show that the chemical reaction term dominates the entropy production relation. The constant efficiency case is shown to be in agreement with the Prigogine-Wiame hypothesis for the data used in the analysis.
针对动能、弹性势能和重力势能变化可忽略不计的生物系统，给出了广义的物质和能量平衡。以一组关于鸡蛋的连贯数据为例，利用这些平衡来描述发育中的鸟类胚胎内发生的质量变化和能量转换。结果表明，胚胎总的化学能周转速率是一个值得关注的量，且该速率不一定等同于根据热传递测量或氧气消耗率预测的代谢速率。蒸发失水所需的能量在整体能量平衡中得以体现。利用能量计算结果以及内部和总熵产生速率的广义表达式，在关于生物质转化效率的两种不同假设下，对发育中的胚胎检验了普里高津 - 维亚梅假设。对内部热传导项进行了量级分析，以表明化学反应项在熵产生关系中占主导地位。对于分析中所使用的数据，常效率情况被证明与普里高津 - 维亚梅假设相符。
