Craig H M, Edwards J E
J Adv Nurs. 1983 Sep;8(5):397-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1983.tb00463.x.
The growing prevalence of chronic illness is due, in large part, to the control and/or eradication of infectious diseases as well as, in North America, the increasingly aged population and overall lengthening life span. Although the trajectory of chronic illness is in a generally downward direction, the rate of progression may vary as plateaux an remissions occur. As these changes occur, the individual and his family move through a process of continual adjustment. This paper presents a conceptual model of the process of adaptation in chronic illness. The primary concept in the model is appraisal (Lazarus, 1966) and the thought that continuous appraisal/reappraisal of the individual's progress toward the goal of adaptation is required by the individual, his family, and the nurse. The focus of the model is the chronically ill individual and his family. The goal is movement toward adaptation to the illness and its ramifications. The process is caring, which facilitates movement towards the goal. The model and its interpretation are outlined in the paper. Finally, some strategies for nurses, and others, are suggested as ways in which the concepts may be applied and implemented in practice.
慢性病患病率的不断上升，在很大程度上归因于传染病得到控制和/或根除，以及在北美，人口老龄化加剧和总体寿命延长。尽管慢性病的发展轨迹总体呈下降趋势，但由于出现平台期和缓解期，其进展速度可能会有所不同。随着这些变化的发生，患者及其家人要经历一个持续调整的过程。本文提出了一个慢性病适应过程的概念模型。该模型的主要概念是评估（拉扎勒斯，1966年），即个人、其家人和护士都需要对个人在适应目标方面的进展进行持续评估/重新评估。该模型的重点是慢性病患者及其家人。目标是朝着适应疾病及其后果迈进。过程是关怀，它有助于朝着目标前进。本文概述了该模型及其解释。最后，针对护士及其他人员提出了一些策略，作为在实践中应用和实施这些概念的方法。
