Ekelman B L, Aram D M
J Commun Disord. 1983 Jul;16(4):237-50. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(83)90008-4.
Spontaneous language samples of eight children diagnosed as presenting developmental verbal apraxia were analyzed in terms of their mean length of utterance, Developmental Sentence Scores, use of 14 grammatical markers, and yes-no and wh-question forms. Although MLUs were greater than the range associated with stage V syntactic development, all children demonstrated difficulties with stage V and beyond grammatical markers and many omitted stage II markers. Developmental Sentence Scores were generally well below chronologic age expectations and revealed notable difficulties with personal pronoun and main verb selection. Omissions or noninversions of auxiliary and/or copulas in yes-no and wh-questions were apparent. Omissions of regular and irregular third-person singular markers, inconsistent use of regular and irregular past tense, and difficulty with question transformations provide evidence that at least some of the errors presented by this group of apraxic children cannot be attributed to motor speech and/or phonologic limitations but rather they evidence concomitant syntactic disorders.
对八名被诊断为患有发育性言语失用症的儿童的自发语言样本进行了分析，分析内容包括平均话语长度、发育性句子得分、14种语法标记的使用情况，以及是非疑问句和特殊疑问句形式。尽管平均话语长度大于与句法发展V阶段相关的范围，但所有儿童在V阶段及更高级别的语法标记方面都表现出困难，许多儿童还遗漏了II阶段的标记。发育性句子得分普遍远低于按年龄应达到的预期，并且在人称代词和主要动词选择方面存在明显困难。是非疑问句和特殊疑问句中助动词和/或系动词的省略或未倒装现象明显。规则和不规则第三人称单数标记的遗漏、规则和不规则过去时的不一致使用以及疑问句转换困难，这些证据表明，这组失用症儿童出现的至少一些错误不能归因于运动性言语和/或语音限制，而是表明存在伴随的句法障碍。
