Jayaram M
J Commun Disord. 1983 Jul;16(4):287-97. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(83)90013-8.
The difficulty stutterers might have with individual sounds was investigated with respect to two modes of speaking (oral reading versus spontaneous speech) and two languages (English versus Kannada). Ten monolingual and ten bilingual stutterers read 16 lists of words (8 in each language). Analysis of stuttering was made with respect to a three-way classification of sounds (vowels, voiceless consonants, and voiced consonants) as well as an eight-way classification (short vowels, long vowels, voiceless stops, voiceless fricatives, voiced stops, voiced fricatives, nasals, and semivowels). Analysis was made with respect to both word-initial and total stuttering. The results indicated that both monolingual and bilingual stutterers were more dysfluent on voiceless consonants and especially on voiceless fricatives, when total stuttering was considered. Results of the analysis of word-initial stuttering on an eight-way classification of sounds showed that the bilingual stutterers stuttered more on the nasal sounds. The results of the bilingual comparison indicated the possibility that the phonetic influences on stuttering might be dependent on the number of languages spoken by the subjects as well as the specific language in which the effects were observed.
研究了口吃者在两种说话方式（朗读与自发言语）和两种语言（英语与卡纳达语）方面对单个语音的困难程度。十名单语口吃者和十名双语口吃者朗读了16组词表（每种语言各8组）。对口吃的分析是根据语音的三种分类（元音、清辅音和浊辅音）以及八种分类（短元音、长元音、清塞音、清擦音、浊塞音、浊擦音、鼻音和半元音）进行的。分析了词首口吃和总口吃情况。结果表明，就总口吃而言，无论是单语口吃者还是双语口吃者，在清辅音尤其是清擦音上的言语流畅性更差。对按八种语音分类的词首口吃进行分析的结果表明，双语口吃者在鼻音上的口吃情况更多。双语比较的结果表明，语音对口吃的影响可能取决于受试者所讲语言的数量以及观察到影响的具体语言。
