Evolution: questions for the modern theory.

The blind spot of the present generation of evolutionists is failure to see the consequences and limits of natural selection. Darwinian natural selection is a costly process of differential elimination of individuals. The widely accepted misdefinition of natural selection as differential reproduction mistakenly hides the Darwinian process and its cost. And current theories of selfish genes, inclusive fitness, and kin selection are incompatible with Darwinian selection. Implicitly, if not explicitly, they postulate genes that favor themselves but reduce the Darwinian fitness of the individuals carrying them. Such genes would not survive; they would eliminate themselves by causing the selective elimination of their carriers. Critical questions that evolutionists should be asked are suggested. My own "unhappy conclusion" is that, because most biologists have forgotten what natural selection is, much current evolutionary and sociobiological theory presented by the most influential evolutionists is mistaken and dangerous. Anthropologists and sociologists are wise to distrust it.