Gupta P C
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984 Feb;12(1):47-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984.tb01409.x.
In a house-to-house survey in Ernakulam district, Kerala State, 10914 individuals were interviewed for their tobacco and alcohol habits and examined for the presence of oral leukoplakia. Very few females (1.6%) were found to be alcohol users and they were excluded from further analysis. Among 7604 males, 30.4% used alcohol regularly, 25.4% occasionally and 44.2% were non-users. The prevalence of leukoplakia was significantly higher among regular (5.7%) and occasional (3.9%) users than among non-users (2.9%) of alcohol. Alcohol usage was found to be related to age as well as tobacco habits. The prevalence of leukoplakia was higher among alcohol users in each age-group as well as in each tobacco habit category. After age-adjustment the difference between alcohol users and non-users, although reduced, remained significant. For most tobacco habit categories the trend remained similar after age-adjustment except for the mixed habits group, for which there was a reversal of the trend. The alcohol habit may, perhaps, produce discernible effects only in association with other 'weak' etiological risk factors, such as a single tobacco habit of smoking or chewing rather than a 'strong' etiologic factor such as the mixed habits of chewing and smoking.
在喀拉拉邦埃尔讷古勒姆区进行的挨家挨户调查中，对10914人进行了烟草和酒精使用习惯的访谈，并检查了口腔白斑的情况。发现极少女性（1.6%）饮酒，她们被排除在进一步分析之外。在7604名男性中，30.4%经常饮酒，25.4%偶尔饮酒，44.2%不饮酒。经常饮酒者（5.7%）和偶尔饮酒者（3.9%）的白斑患病率显著高于不饮酒者（2.9%）。发现饮酒与年龄以及烟草使用习惯有关。在每个年龄组以及每个烟草使用习惯类别中，饮酒者的白斑患病率都较高。年龄调整后，饮酒者和不饮酒者之间的差异虽有所减小，但仍很显著。除了混合习惯组趋势逆转外，在大多数烟草使用习惯类别中，年龄调整后的趋势仍然相似。饮酒习惯可能或许只有与其他“弱”病因风险因素（如单一的吸烟或咀嚼烟草习惯）相关联时才会产生明显影响，而不是与“强”病因因素（如咀嚼和吸烟的混合习惯）相关联时。
