Häkkinen L
Scand J Soc Med Suppl. 1984;35:5-60.
A randomized sample of 601 subjects aged 65 or over were examined for their visual function and their use of vision in daily life. The participation percentage was 91% and constant throughout all age groups, and the population sample studied is considered to be representative of the population of the city of Turku in Finland. The best corrected visual acuity was found to be good (0.8 or 0.7/0.3) in 73%, with a gradual decline with age to 20% in late senescence (85 years or over). The poorest acuity level of less than 0.1 was found in 1% of the entire study population and in 7% of those aged 85 or over. 91% of the subjects were found to be capable of reading newspaper-size print by using conventional presbyopic lenses. For those aged 85 years or over the rate was 50%. When also using low vision aids for maximal optical correction, the rate rose to 93% of the entire study population, and to 57% of those aged 85 or over. The functional visual acuity, i.e. the level of vision actually used in daily life, was clearly inferior with only 56% of the entire study population and 13% of those aged 85 or over possessing good visual acuity. Other acuity levels showed the same rations. Senile macular degeneration and cataract were found to be the commonest causes of visual impairment in the elderly. Poor sight could be considered a prime contributory factor for being in institutional accommodation in 11% of the cases. Visually impaired persons were clearly more dependent on home help as compared with the elderly population in general. A majority (over 90%) of elderly people in all age groups were found to be interested in resolution-requiring activities (reading, TV, needlework, driving, etc.). In other everyday activities, the demands on vision were found to be lower, an acuity level of 0.2-0.15 not yet being restrictive. This is suggested to be dependent on the predominance of lower spatial frequencies when seeing in everyday environments. Intolerance of optic correction by means of spectacle lens was found in 18% of the aphakics. As regards moderate-power lenses, one third of elderly persons were found to reject glasses for traveling. 57% of those who rejected glasses considered themselves unmotivated to wear glasses in everyday life, 35% blamed adaptation difficulties. Subjects aged 75 years or over who suffered from impoverished mobility or dizziness were particularly reluctant to wear glasses when moving about.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
对601名65岁及以上的受试者进行随机抽样，检测其视觉功能以及在日常生活中的视力使用情况。参与率为91%，在所有年龄组中保持恒定，所研究的人群样本被认为代表了芬兰图尔库市的人口。结果发现，73%的受试者最佳矫正视力良好（0.8或0.7/0.3），随着年龄增长逐渐下降，在衰老后期（85岁及以上）降至20%。在整个研究人群中，1%的人视力最差，低于0.1，在85岁及以上的人群中这一比例为7%。91%的受试者使用传统老花镜能够阅读报纸大小的印刷品。85岁及以上人群的这一比例为50%。当同时使用低视力辅助工具进行最大程度的光学矫正时，这一比例在整个研究人群中升至93%，在85岁及以上人群中升至57%。功能性视力，即在日常生活中实际使用的视力水平，明显较差，整个研究人群中只有56%的人以及85岁及以上人群中只有13%的人具有良好的视力。其他视力水平也呈现相同比例。老年性黄斑变性和白内障被发现是老年人视力损害的最常见原因。在11%的案例中，视力差可被视为入住机构照料的主要促成因素。与一般老年人群相比，视力受损者显然更依赖家庭帮助。所有年龄组中大多数（超过90%）的老年人对需要分辨力的活动（阅读、看电视、针线活、开车等）感兴趣。在其他日常活动中，对视力的要求较低，0.2 - 0.15的视力水平尚未构成限制。这被认为取决于在日常环境中视物时低频空间频率占主导地位。在18%的无晶状体患者中发现对眼镜矫正不耐受。对于中度屈光度镜片，三分之一的老年人拒绝在出行时佩戴眼镜。在拒绝佩戴眼镜的人中，57%认为自己在日常生活中没有佩戴眼镜的动力，35%归咎于适应困难。75岁及以上且行动不便或头晕的受试者在活动时尤其不愿意佩戴眼镜。（摘要截选至400字）
