Robbins F C, Nightingale E O
Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Sep-Oct;5(5):957-68. doi: 10.1093/clinids/5.5.957.
Poliomyelitis is an acute viral disease primarily afflicting children. It can be very mild, permanently crippling, or fatal. In the developed nations, poliomyelitis is controlled by the use of trivalent vaccines: killed virus administered by injection and/or attenuated virus administered orally. The latter is cheaper. A combination of the two may be required in some tropical countries. In many developing nations poliomyelitis remains endemic and prevalent, especially in children; 37,747 cases were reported to the World Health Organization in 1979, but greater than 200,000 cases probably occurred. Socioeconomic improvement and public health measures (i.e., immunizations) remain the major strategies for control. While global eradication may be a more distant goal, poliomyelitis could be controlled better. Effective programs for control include safe, efficacious, and inexpensive vaccines; methods for successful management of vaccine delivery systems; commitment and training of health personnel; public education; commitment of funds; and research to improve vaccines and their delivery. The major obstacle to control of poliomyelitis is failure to immunize an adequate number of susceptible children. Development of strategies for immunization is crucial to elimination of poliomyelitis as a major world health problem.
脊髓灰质炎是一种主要侵袭儿童的急性病毒性疾病。它可以非常轻微，也可以导致永久性残疾或致命。在发达国家，脊髓灰质炎通过使用三价疫苗来控制：通过注射接种的灭活病毒疫苗和/或口服的减毒病毒疫苗。后者成本更低。在一些热带国家可能需要两者结合使用。在许多发展中国家，脊髓灰质炎仍然流行且普遍存在，尤其是在儿童中；1979年向世界卫生组织报告了37747例病例，但实际发病可能超过20万例。社会经济改善和公共卫生措施（即免疫接种）仍然是控制的主要策略。虽然全球根除可能是一个更长远的目标，但脊髓灰质炎可以得到更好的控制。有效的控制计划包括安全、有效且廉价的疫苗；成功管理疫苗接种系统的方法；卫生人员的投入和培训；公众教育；资金投入；以及改进疫苗及其接种方式的研究。控制脊髓灰质炎的主要障碍是未能为足够数量的易感儿童进行免疫接种。制定免疫策略对于消除脊髓灰质炎这一主要的全球健康问题至关重要。
