Blauth M, Tillmann B
Anat Embryol (Berl). 1983;168(1):117-23. doi: 10.1007/BF00305403.
Horizontal and vertical tensions act on the femoropatellar joint. In both knee joints of 60 human corpses the muscles and ligaments participating in the tensile bracing of the knee joint were studied macroscopically. While the structures acting in the vertical direction are very constant, the components participating in horizontal tensile bracing show large variations. Components of vertical tensile bracing are the quadriceps femoris muscle, the ligamentum patellae as well as the vertical patellar retinacula. The active part of horizontal tensile bracing consists of the medial and lateral vastus muscles. The passive components of this system are arranged in three layers. The superficial layer is formed by the fascia lata. The middle layer consists of the horizontal retinacula. A medial horizontal retinaculum was present in one third of our cases. It passes from the medial margin of the patella towards the medial femoral epicondyle. A lateral horizontal retinaculum is demonstrable in all cases studied. It passes horizontally from the lateral margin of the patella and inserts into the deep layer of the iliotibial tract. Insertion of the lateral horizontal retinaculum into the lateral femoral epicondyle was not observed in our material. The third layer is formed by ligaments supporting the joint capsule. These originate from the medial and lateral margin of the patella and pass towards their respective meniscus as well as variably towards the femoral or tibial condyle. These structures are found both medially and laterally in two thirds of the cases studied.
水平和垂直张力作用于髌股关节。在60具人类尸体的双侧膝关节中，对参与膝关节拉伸支撑的肌肉和韧带进行了宏观研究。虽然在垂直方向起作用的结构非常恒定，但参与水平拉伸支撑的成分却有很大差异。垂直拉伸支撑的成分包括股四头肌、髌韧带以及垂直髌支持带。水平拉伸支撑的主动部分由股内侧肌和股外侧肌组成。该系统的被动成分分为三层。表层由阔筋膜形成。中间层由水平支持带组成。在我们研究的病例中，三分之一存在内侧水平支持带。它从髌骨内侧缘向股骨内侧髁延伸。在所有研究病例中均可显示外侧水平支持带。它从髌骨外侧缘水平延伸并插入髂胫束深层。在我们的材料中未观察到外侧水平支持带插入股骨外侧髁。第三层由支持关节囊的韧带形成。这些韧带起自髌骨的内侧和外侧缘，分别向各自的半月板延伸，并可变地向股骨或胫骨髁延伸。在三分之二的研究病例中，内侧和外侧均可发现这些结构。
