Transfer of Rhizobium meliloti pSym genes into Agrobacterium tumefaciens: host-specific nodulation by atypical infection.

The pSym megaplasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 2011 mobilized by plasmid RP4, or plasmid pGMI42, an RP4-prime derivative which carries a 290-kilobase pSym fragment including nitrogenase and nod genes, was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The resulting transconjugants induced root deformations specifically on the homologous hosts Medicago sativa and Melilotus alba and not on the heterologous hosts Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens. The root deformations were shown to be genuine nodules by physiological and cytological studies. Thus, host specificity nodulation genes are located on the pSym megaplasmid. Host nodulation specificity did not seem to require recognition at the root hair level since no infection threads could be detected in the root hairs. Cytological observations indicated that bacteria penetrated only the superficial layers of the host root tissue by an atypical infection process. The submeristematic zone and the central tissue of the nodules were bacteria free. Thus, nodule organogenesis was probably triggered from a distance by the bacteria. Agrobacterium transconjugants carrying pSym induced the formation of more numerous and larger nodules than those carrying the RP4-prime plasmid pGMI42, suggesting that some genes influencing nodule organogenesis are located in a pSym region(s) outside that which has been cloned into pGMI42.