Bühler K E
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1984 Feb;52(2):35-40. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1001999.
The models of Freud on unconsciousness lead to logical contradictions or to a fragmentation of the person if the causal energetic view of mental organization is abandoned in favour of a metaphorical interpretation of Freud's concept. On the other hand, the person is eliminated in such an causel energetic model. Existential psychotherapies refer to Heidegger who claims that consciousness is not completely self-transparent and may conceal itself by forgetting and remembering in correspondence with the interests of the person. Self- concealment of consciousness as a source of unconsciousness is a process of disintegration of sense. Therefore, the therapy should lead the patient to discover his potentialities, to enable him to recognize untruth and self-deception as contradictions to these potentialities. Untruth and self-deception are-as Nietzsche has already shown-dimensions of the unconsciousness.
如果抛弃精神组织的因果能量观，转而对弗洛伊德的概念进行隐喻性解读，那么弗洛伊德关于无意识的模型就会导致逻辑矛盾或人的碎片化。另一方面，在这样一个因果能量模型中，人被消解了。存在主义心理疗法借鉴了海德格尔的观点，海德格尔认为意识并非完全自我透明，它可能会根据人的兴趣通过遗忘和记忆来隐藏自身。意识的自我隐藏作为无意识的一个来源，是意义解体的过程。因此，治疗应引导患者发现自己的潜力，使他能够认识到不实和自我欺骗与这些潜力相矛盾。正如尼采早已指出的，不实和自我欺骗是无意识的维度。
