Minkoff H L
Am Fam Physician. 1984 Jun;29(6):185-8.
Malformations occur in 3 percent of all live-born infants in the United States. A successful effort to reduce this incidence depends on understanding the factors that cause malformations and taking steps to eliminate them. Often these steps must be taken before conception, and the responsibility falls on the physician who regularly sees the patient. The patient's history and the acronym DIRE --drugs, infections, radiation and environment--are useful in assessing reproductive risk.
在美国，畸形出现在3%的所有活产婴儿中。降低这一发病率的成功努力取决于了解导致畸形的因素并采取措施消除这些因素。通常这些措施必须在受孕前采取，责任落在经常诊治该患者的医生身上。患者的病史以及首字母缩写词DIRE——药物、感染、辐射和环境——在评估生殖风险方面很有用。
