Hodapp R M, Goldfield E C, Boyatzis C J
Child Dev. 1984 Jun;55(3):772-81.
Maternal behaviors within mother-infant games were examined to determine the amount, type, and functional value of maternal helping behaviors. 17 mother-infant pairs were videotaped on monthly visits from 8 to 16 months as they played 5 separate games. 2 of these games, roll the ball and peekaboo, were analyzed in terms of "rounds" of each game. Results show that dyads play more rounds of both games in the first months that infants perform game-relevant behaviors (e.g., returning a ball, performing uncovering or covering-uncovering). Maternal attention-getting and physical "stage-setting" behaviors occur in the early rounds of both games. In roll the ball, maternal hands-out and reinforcement behaviors increase in the months after the child begins to return the ball, while the percentage of rounds in which dyads play nonreturn variants decreases. Infants are more likely to return a ball when mother holds out her hands than when she does not. Infants are also able to perform returning or uncovering in game contexts before they perform similar behaviors in cognitive tests. The general similarity of findings in the peekaboo and roll-the-ball games, in spite of differences in the amounts of scaffolding, attention-getting, stage-setting, and reinforcement behaviors between the 2 games, indicates that the types and functions of maternal helping behaviors may be generalizable to other contexts of mother-infant interactions.
对母婴游戏中的母亲行为进行了研究，以确定母亲帮助行为的数量、类型和功能价值。在婴儿8至16个月大期间，每月对17对母婴进行一次录像，记录他们玩5种不同游戏的过程。其中“滚球”和“躲猫猫”这两种游戏，按照每场游戏的“回合”进行了分析。结果显示，在婴儿开始表现出与游戏相关行为（如把球滚回来、进行遮盖或揭开动作）的最初几个月里，母婴双方玩这两种游戏的回合更多。母亲吸引婴儿注意力和进行身体“场景设置”的行为在两种游戏的早期回合中都会出现。在“滚球”游戏中，在孩子开始把球滚回来后的几个月里，母亲伸出手和给予强化的行为会增加，而母婴双方玩不把球滚回来变体的回合百分比则会下降。当母亲伸出手时，婴儿更有可能把球滚回来。婴儿在游戏情境中能够做出滚回或揭开动作，早于他们在认知测试中做出类似行为。尽管“躲猫猫”和“滚球”游戏在支架搭建、吸引注意力、场景设置和强化行为的数量上存在差异，但研究结果的总体相似性表明，母亲帮助行为的类型和功能可能适用于母婴互动的其他情境。
