Clayman R V, Castaneda-Zuniga W
Urol Radiol. 1984;6(2):95-112. doi: 10.1007/BF02923709.
The development of percutaneous nephrostomy has laid the foundation for a major advance in the treatment of urolithiasis: the percutaneous removal of renal and ureteral calculi (i.e., nephrolithotony). With the use of a variety of instruments, calculi can be either removed intact or, if too large, fragmented in situ and then extracted. The method has wide applicability; more than 90% of all upper urinary tract calculi can be successfully treated. Length of hospitalization and costs are comparable to or less than those for open surgery; however, the period of convalescence is only 2-7 days. Continued advances in fluoroscopic technology and endoscopic instrumentation will enable the urologic surgeon to treat the majority of urinary tract conditions using endourologic techniques.
经皮去除肾和输尿管结石（即经皮肾镜取石术）。使用各种器械，结石既可以完整取出，或者如果结石太大，则在原位破碎然后取出。该方法适用性广泛；超过90%的上尿路结石都能得到成功治疗。住院时间和费用与开放手术相当或更低；然而，恢复期仅为2至7天。荧光镜技术和内镜器械的不断进步将使泌尿外科医生能够使用腔内泌尿外科技术治疗大多数尿路疾病。
