Helm-Estabrooks N
Am J Physiol. 1984 Jun;246(6 Pt 2):R884-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1984.246.6.R884.
It is understood that damage to the left cerebral hemisphere in adulthood may result in syndromes of language disturbances called the aphasias. The study of these syndromes sheds light on normal language processes, the relationship between language behavior and the brain, and how best to treat aphasic individuals. Aphasia, for some, is a central communication disorder affecting all symbolic behavior in all modalities (i.e., speech, writing, and gesture). Difficulty producing symbolic gestures on command is called apraxia. Others view aphasia as a manifestation of a motor-sequencing disorder affecting all gestural systems including those required for speech movements. These divergent theories of the underlying nature of aphasia can be tested through examination of deaf individuals who use sign language before onset of aphasia. Poizner et al. [Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 15): R868-R883, 1984] studied three such patients with different aphasia syndromes: one patient had a nonsymbolic, motor-sequencing disorder; one had a gestural apraxia; and one had neither. These findings force the conclusion that neither the symbolic nor motor-sequencing theory of aphasia can account for the many varieties of that disorder.
据了解，成年期左脑半球受损可能会导致被称为失语症的语言障碍综合征。对这些综合征的研究有助于揭示正常的语言过程、语言行为与大脑之间的关系，以及如何最好地治疗失语症患者。对一些人来说，失语症是一种影响所有形式（即言语、书写和手势）的所有符号行为的核心交流障碍。按指令做出符号手势困难被称为失用症。其他人则将失语症视为一种运动序列障碍的表现，这种障碍影响所有手势系统，包括言语运动所需的手势系统。失语症潜在本质的这些不同理论可以通过检查在失语症发作前使用手语的聋人来进行检验。波伊兹纳等人[《美国生理学杂志》246卷（调节整合生理学15）：R868 - R883，1984年]研究了三名患有不同失语症综合征的此类患者：一名患者患有非符号性运动序列障碍；一名患者患有手势失用症；一名患者两者都没有。这些发现迫使人们得出结论，失语症的符号理论和运动序列理论都无法解释该障碍的多种类型。
