O'Sullivan C S, Durso F T
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984 Jul;47(1):55-70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.47.1.55.
Two studies were performed to determine the effect of incongruent information on recall of schematic information in the domain of person memory. Subjects heard descriptions of five sterotypical characters, followed by additional information varying in level of relevance to, and congruence with, the initial information. We measured free recall of the initial information establishing the schema, which included a stereotype label and two highly congruent facts. Results showed that the introduction of information that is highly incongruent with a schema makes schematic information more memorable, under both immediate- and delayed-recall conditions. This effect may be one mechanism by which inappropriate schemata persevere in the face of counterevidence. The pattern of results is found to be more consistent with Hastie's (1980) depth of processing-network associational model of schematic processing (with slight modification) than with Smith and Graesser's (1981) schema-pointer + tag model.
进行了两项研究，以确定不一致信息对人物记忆领域中模式化信息回忆的影响。受试者听取了五个刻板人物的描述，随后是与初始信息的相关性和一致性程度各不相同的额外信息。我们测量了建立模式的初始信息的自由回忆，其中包括一个刻板印象标签和两个高度一致的事实。结果表明，在即时回忆和延迟回忆条件下，引入与模式高度不一致的信息会使模式化信息更易被记住。这种效应可能是一种机制，通过它，不恰当的模式在面对反证时仍能持续存在。研究发现，结果模式与哈斯蒂（1980）的模式化加工深度-网络联想模型（略有修改）比与史密斯和格雷泽（1981）的模式指针+标签模型更为一致。
