White J D, Carlston D E
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983 Sep;45(3):538-49. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.45.3.538.
A study was conducted to assess the effects of personality schemata on attentional allocation, impressions, and memory among observers of a complex social interaction. Subjects were first primed with schematic descriptions of an actor, and then they listened to an audiotape in which that actor and another participated in several separate conversations, with the primed actor either in the foreground or in the background. Other subjects could throw a switch to shift either actors' conversations into the foreground. As predicted, subjects in this last group shifted their attention away from the primed actor after determining that his behavior did not violate the schema they had been given and shifted their attention back when the primed actor acted in a schema-inconsistent manner. Analyses of all three attentional conditions revealed that the less attention subjects were able to pay to the primed actor, the more they relied on their schemata in making impression judgments, the more confident they were in the occurrence of schema-consistent "false alarm" behaviors, and the less confident they were in the occurrence of schema-inconsistent and schema-irrelevant behaviors. These results are discussed in terms of subject strategies in dealing with information overload when processing complex stimuli.
一项研究旨在评估人格图式对复杂社会互动观察者的注意力分配、印象形成和记忆的影响。首先向受试者呈现关于一个行为者的图式化描述，然后让他们听一盘录音带，录音带中该行为者和另一个人参与了几次单独的对话，其中被呈现图式的行为者要么处于前景，要么处于背景。其他受试者可以通过开关将其中一个行为者的对话切换到前景。正如预测的那样，最后一组受试者在确定被呈现图式的行为者的行为没有违反他们所得到的图式后，将注意力从该行为者身上转移开，而当被呈现图式的行为者以与图式不一致的方式行动时，他们又将注意力转移回来。对所有三种注意力条件的分析表明，受试者对被呈现图式的行为者关注越少，他们在形成印象判断时就越依赖图式，他们对图式一致的“误报”行为的发生就越有信心，而对图式不一致和与图式无关的行为的发生就越缺乏信心。这些结果从受试者在处理复杂刺激时应对信息过载的策略方面进行了讨论。
