Rutter M
Dev Med Child Neurol. 1980 Dec;22(6):800-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1980.tb03751.x.
Empirical research findings are reviewed with respect to the long-term effects of early experiences on intellectual and social development. Particular attention is focused on the question of whether adverse experiences in infancy can lead to enduring impairment, even when later experiences are positive and beneficial. It is concluded that, although there are continuities between infancy and maturity, the residual effects of early experiences on adult behaviour tend to be quite slight, both because of the maturational changes that take place during middle and later childhood and because of the effects of beneficial and adverse experiences during all the years after infancy. The long-term effects of early deprivation depend heavily on whether or not the deprivation continues, but there is a suggestion that, in some circumstances, infantile experiences may have some persisting effects in spite of later environmental change. However, there is a lack of critical data to test this hypothesis.
本文回顾了关于早期经历对智力和社会发展的长期影响的实证研究结果。特别关注的问题是，即使后期经历是积极有益的，婴儿期的不良经历是否会导致持久的损害。研究得出的结论是，尽管婴儿期和成年期之间存在连续性，但早期经历对成人行为的残留影响往往相当轻微，这既是因为童年中期和后期会发生成熟变化，也是因为婴儿期之后所有年份中有益和不良经历的影响。早期剥夺的长期影响在很大程度上取决于剥夺是否持续，但有迹象表明，在某些情况下，尽管后期环境发生了变化，婴儿期的经历可能仍会有一些持续影响。然而，缺乏关键数据来检验这一假设。
