Elliott C
Br J Psychol. 1978 Aug;69(3):295-303. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1978.tb01659.x.
The times taken to name 56 drawings of objects on five separate occasions were analysed for 21 ESN(M) and 21 ESN(S) children, matched for picture-naming vocabulary. The ESN(S) group not only had a higher mean response latency but also showed greater inter- and intra-subject variance. Nine objects were selected whose names have a Thorndike-Lorge language frequency of 50 words per million or greater, and nine others were selected with a frequency of less than 50 words per million. Each object was drawn in two ways, one giving a two-dimensional outline with the addition of important detail, the other drawing also incorporating cues indicating the depth of the object. An analysis of variance of the children's latencies in naming the selected 36 pictures of 18 objects over five trials indicated that the method of drawing had no effect upon naming latencies. Pictures with high-frequency names were named faster than those with lower frequency names, the ESN(S) group showing a greater rate of increase in naming latency for the lower frequency words than the ESN(M) children. Results were discussed in terms of the Oldfield and Lachman models of lexical memory storage and of the search processes required for the retrieval of names.
对21名中度学习困难（男性）儿童和21名中度学习困难（重度）儿童在五个不同场合说出56幅物体图画名称所用的时间进行了分析，这些儿童在图画命名词汇方面相互匹配。中度学习困难（重度）组不仅平均反应潜伏期更长，而且个体间和个体内的差异也更大。选择了九个其名称在桑代克-洛热语言频率中每百万有50个单词或更多的物体，另外九个则选择频率低于每百万50个单词的物体。每个物体都用两种方式绘制，一种是给出二维轮廓并添加重要细节，另一种绘制还包含表示物体深度的线索。对儿童在五次试验中说出18个物体的36幅选定图片的潜伏期进行方差分析表明，绘制方法对命名潜伏期没有影响。高频名称的图片比低频名称的图片命名更快，中度学习困难（重度）组在低频单词的命名潜伏期上的增加率比中度学习困难（男性）儿童更大。根据奥尔德菲尔德和拉赫曼的词汇记忆存储模型以及检索名称所需的搜索过程对结果进行了讨论。
