Swan D, Goswami U
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, England.
Brain Lang. 1997 Feb 15;56(3):334-53. doi: 10.1006/brln.1997.1855.
The picture and word naming performance of developmental dyslexics was compared to the picture and word naming performance of non-dyslexic ("garden variety") poor readers, reading age, and chronological age-matched controls. The stimulus list used for both tasks was systematically manipulated for word length and word frequency. In order to examine picture naming errors in more depth, an object name recognition test assessed each subject's vocabulary knowledge of those names which they were unable to spontaneously label in the picture naming task. Findings indicated that the dyslexic and the garden variety poor readers exhibited a picture naming deficit relative to both chronological and reading age-matched controls. Findings also indicated that both groups of impaired readers obtained superior scores in the word naming task than in the picture naming task, while both groups of controls showed no difference in performance across tasks. The dyslexics' picture naming errors, but not those of the garden variety poor readers, were particularly marked on polysyllabic and/or low frequency words, indicating a possible phonological basis to the picture naming deficit of the dyslexic children. These children also recognized significantly more unnamed target words than all comparison groups, suggesting a particular difficulty in retrieving the phonological codes of known picture names rather than a vocabulary deficit. Results are discussed in terms of dyslexics' difficulty in encoding full segmental phonological representations of names in long-term memory and/or in processing these representations in order to generate required names on demand.
将发育性阅读障碍者的图片和单词命名表现，与非阅读障碍（“普通”）阅读能力差的人、阅读年龄以及实际年龄匹配的对照组的图片和单词命名表现进行了比较。用于这两项任务的刺激列表针对单词长度和单词频率进行了系统的调整。为了更深入地研究图片命名错误，一项物体名称识别测试评估了每个受试者对那些在图片命名任务中无法自发说出名称的物体的词汇知识。研究结果表明，阅读障碍者和普通阅读能力差的人相对于实际年龄和阅读年龄匹配的对照组，都表现出图片命名缺陷。研究结果还表明，两组阅读能力受损的读者在单词命名任务中的得分都高于图片命名任务，而两组对照组在各项任务中的表现没有差异。阅读障碍者的图片命名错误，而非普通阅读能力差的人的错误，在多音节和/或低频单词上尤为明显，这表明阅读障碍儿童的图片命名缺陷可能存在语音学基础。这些儿童还比所有对照组识别出明显更多的未命名目标单词，这表明他们在检索已知图片名称的语音代码方面存在特殊困难，而非词汇缺陷。本文从阅读障碍者在长期记忆中对名称的完整分段语音表征进行编码和/或在处理这些表征以便按需生成所需名称方面的困难来讨论研究结果。
