Leucine and urea metabolism in acute human cold exposure.

Four healthy males voluntarily underwent acute cold exposure at 10 degrees C. Metabolic rate doubled for the 100-min exposure. [1-13C]leucine and [15N2]urea were used as tracers of protein metabolism via a primed constant infusion. Total and plasma transported leucine oxidation approximately doubled, but the oxidation of leucine derived from protein in the tissue where oxidation occurred ("intracellular oxidation") did not change as it did when the same subjects underwent mild exercise. Rate of appearance of urea and leucine in plasma were not significantly different between control and cold. Although the rate of protein synthesis calculated from the leucine data did not change, the rate of catabolism increased. Net protein catabolism based on the urea data agreed well with the leucine data at rest but did not exhibit a significant increase during exposure. However, net protein catabolism based on the leucine data did increase significantly during acute cold exposure. Further, there appears to be a qualitative difference in the protein catabolism associated with the voluntary muscular activity of exercise and muscular shivering aimed at thermogenesis.