Determinants of cognitive abilities in the elderly.

One hundred and fifteen men between the ages of fifty and ninety-three were administered six cognitive tasks: a verbal intelligence subtest, a nonverbal intelligence subtest, two tests of concrete operations, one test of formal operations, and a problem-solving task. The obtained scores were factor analyzed. Two factors were obtained, a nonverbal, performance factor and a verbal-reasoning factor. Regression analyses in which age, education, occupation, years since retirement, health status, activity level, and marital status were predictor variables performed on the factor scores obtained for each of the factors. The nonverbal performance factor was significantly predicted by age while the verbal factor was significantly predicted by education. None of the other predictors were significant. The results suggest that verbal and nonverbal abilities may be determined by different antecedents. Since different cognitive abilities may have different antecedents and since these antecedents may have different relationships to age, it is important to view adult cognitive development as multidimensional and multidirectional rather than as normative and unidirectional.