Hogan D E, Zentall T R, Pace G
Am J Psychol. 1983 Spring;96(1):37-49.
Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice.
鸽子接受了一项样本匹配任务的训练，在该任务中，样本颜色和特定样本所需的观察行为为正确选择提供了冗余的相关线索。在涉及红色和黄色作为比较刺激的试验中，当样本为红色时，需要按照固定比率16的时间表（FR 16）来照亮比较刺激；当样本为黄色时，则需要按照低比率强化3秒的时间表（DRL 3秒）。在涉及蓝色和绿色作为比较刺激的试验中，当样本为蓝色时需要FR 16时间表，当样本为绿色时需要DRL 3秒时间表。对于一些鸽子，在样本消失和比较刺激出现之间有0秒的延迟，而其他鸽子则经历了0秒和2秒延迟试验的随机混合。0秒延迟时的测试试验表现表明，特定样本行为对选择表现的控制比样本颜色要大得多。测试表现与最初训练是全部为0秒延迟试验还是0秒和2秒延迟的混合试验无关。特定样本的观察反应要求似乎通过加强观察反应与正确选择之间的关联来促进鸽子的样本匹配表现。
