Cedars M G, Das S K, Roth J C, Miller T A
Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 Aug;72(2):179-89. doi: 10.1097/00006534-198308000-00010.
The flexor digitorum superficialis muscle was free grafted (without neurovascular anastomoses) in 122 rabbit forelimbs. Histologic nd histochemical examinations through 6 months after grafting were performed. An early ischemic necrosis of the entire graft, except for a few percent of fibers at the very surface, was consistently seen. Subsequently, there occurred a regeneration of muscle with reconstitution of up to 100 percent of normal numbers of fibers. There was a wide variation in the numbers of fibers regenerated; however, the fiber-free areas were then being replaced by connective tissue. Muscle grafts in 1-month-old rabbits regenerated faster and yielded muscle with evidence of more extensive reinnervation and less connective tissue than 3-month-old animals. In the early postgraft period, minced grafts appeared to be as good as whole ones, but after 1 month, they developed far more connective tissue. Differentiation into fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers and into high- and low-oxidative fibers began at 2 to 3 weeks after grafting but was not extensive until 3 months. At 6 months, grafts showed areas of normal-appearing muscle interspersed with areas that lacked signs of reinnervation. The earliest sign of regeneration is the appearance of several very elongated nuclei encircling each previously anucleate necrotic muscle fiber. A small amount of basophilic cytoplasm then appears around each new nucleus. As blood vessels grow into the graft, a centripetal wave of phagocytosis is seen, taking 2 to 3 weeks and leaving a bed of immature muscle fibers. We believe this to be the first documentation of regeneration's commencing prior to and thus independently of phagocytosis.
在122只兔前肢中对指浅屈肌进行了游离移植（未进行神经血管吻合）。在移植后6个月内进行了组织学和组织化学检查。始终可见整个移植物早期出现缺血性坏死，仅最表面的少数纤维除外。随后，肌肉发生再生，纤维数量最多可恢复至正常数量的100%。再生纤维的数量差异很大；然而，无纤维区域随后被结缔组织取代。1月龄兔的肌肉移植物再生更快，与3月龄动物相比，再生肌肉的神经再支配更广泛，结缔组织更少。在移植后的早期，切碎的移植物似乎与完整移植物一样好，但1个月后，它们形成的结缔组织要多得多。移植后2至3周开始分化为快肌纤维和慢肌纤维以及高氧化纤维和低氧化纤维，但直到3个月才广泛分化。6个月时，移植物显示出外观正常的肌肉区域与缺乏神经再支配迹象的区域相间分布。再生的最早迹象是几个非常细长的细胞核围绕着每个先前无核的坏死肌纤维出现。然后每个新细胞核周围出现少量嗜碱性细胞质。随着血管长入移植物，可见向心的吞噬波，持续2至3周，留下一层未成熟的肌纤维。我们认为这是再生在吞噬作用之前且独立于吞噬作用开始的首次记录。
