Wallace W P
J Exp Psychol Hum Learn. 1978 Sep;4(5):441-52.
Three experiments are reported introducing variations in testing mode and cuing context into the general procedures used to demonstrate recognition failure of recallable words. Recognition failure of recognizable words can be demonstrated when a cued recognition test replaces the cued recall test in these general procedures. Also, recall failure of recallable words can be demonstrated if an uncued recall test replaces the initial uncued recognition test. If the initial recognition test involves cued recognition, then both the recognition failure of recallable words and the recognition failure of recognizable words are attenuated. Recognition failure of recognizable words was also present when distractors were not used in recognition testing. It was concluded that recognition-failure phenomena represent a special class of context effects; that is, they simply result from removing original study cues from one testing context and restoring them in a second testing context. It was suggested that theories of memory that recognize that memory performance may be sensitive to testing context are not contraindicated by the demonstration of recognition failure of recallable words.
本文报告了三项实验，这些实验在用于证明可回忆单词的识别失败的一般程序中引入了测试模式和提示情境的变化。当在这些一般程序中用提示识别测试取代提示回忆测试时，可识别单词的识别失败就可以得到证明。此外，如果用无提示回忆测试取代最初的无提示识别测试，那么可回忆单词的回忆失败也可以得到证明。如果最初的识别测试涉及提示识别，那么可回忆单词的识别失败和可识别单词的识别失败都会减弱。当在识别测试中不使用干扰项时，可识别单词的识别失败也会出现。研究得出结论，识别失败现象代表了一类特殊的情境效应；也就是说，它们仅仅是由于在一个测试情境中去除了原来的学习提示，并在第二个测试情境中恢复了这些提示而产生的。有人提出，那些认识到记忆表现可能对测试情境敏感的记忆理论，并不会因可回忆单词的识别失败的证明而受到反驳。
