Wolkind S N, De Salis W
Ciba Found Symp. 1982;89:221-39. doi: 10.1002/9780470720714.ch14.
In a longitudinal study of firstborn children, interview-based measures of temperament were obtained when the infants were aged four months. From the individual items an 'easy-difficult' scale was constructed. The scale showed a fair internal consistency and reasonable test/retest reliability, and the obtained scores appeared to be independent of previous and current maternal attitudes and mental state. A wide range of scores was obtained. Four-month temperament, as reflected on this scale, related to the presence of behavioural problems when the children were aged 42 months, with 'difficult' children developing higher rates of problems. Problems at 42 months also related strongly to the mother's mental state at the time, with the children of depressed mothers showing more problems. When all three items--four-month temperament, 42-month behavioural problems and 42-month maternal depression-were examined, a strong interaction effect was found. Maternal depression was associated with behavioural problems only if the child had been in the extreme quartiles on the temperament measure. Some evidence suggested that an infant's temperament could affect its mother's later mental state.
在一项对长子的纵向研究中，当婴儿四个月大时，通过访谈获得了气质测量数据。根据各个项目构建了一个“易养-难养”量表。该量表显示出较好的内部一致性和合理的重测信度，所获得的分数似乎与母亲以前和当前的态度及精神状态无关。获得了广泛的分数范围。此量表所反映的四个月大时的气质，与孩子42个月大时行为问题的出现有关，“难养”的孩子出现问题的比率更高。42个月大时的问题也与当时母亲的精神状态密切相关，母亲抑郁的孩子表现出更多问题。当对所有三个项目——四个月大时的气质、42个月大时的行为问题和42个月大时母亲的抑郁情况——进行考察时，发现了一个很强的交互作用效应。只有当孩子在气质测量中处于极端四分位数时，母亲的抑郁才与行为问题有关。一些证据表明，婴儿的气质可能会影响其母亲后来的精神状态。
