Loftus E F
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;347:27-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb21252.x.
As jurors in a criminal or civil trial listen to testimony, they construct in their minds an "image" of an incident that was never witnessed by them. Many psychological factors influence this mental construction and, consequently, the verdict. Research with experimental jurors has revealed: 1. The images that jurors construct are influenced by the particular words and phrases that are used in the testimony they hear. 2. Jurors tend to be overbelieving of certain types of evidence, such as eyewitness testimony. Jurors are particularly responsive to the confidence with which eyewitnesses relate their testimony, rather than to the likelihood that the testimony is accurate. 3. Expert testimony, particularly on the subject of the reliability of eyewitness accounts, can cause jurors to better scrutinize the evidence they hear.
在刑事或民事审判中，陪审员听取证词时，会在脑海中构建一个他们从未目睹过的事件的“形象”。许多心理因素会影响这种心理构建，进而影响裁决。对参与实验的陪审员进行的研究表明：1. 陪审员构建的形象会受到他们所听到的证词中特定词汇和短语的影响。2. 陪审员往往过度相信某些类型的证据，比如证人证言。陪审员对证人陈述证词时的自信程度反应尤为强烈，而不是对证词准确的可能性。3. 专家证词，尤其是关于证人陈述可靠性的主题，会促使陪审员更好地审查他们所听到的证据。
