Lyngset O
Nord Vet Med. 1978 Sep;30(9):387-92.
In all the Nordic countries the veterinary continuing education is organized in somewhat the same way. Short courses (1 to 5 days) are arranged in the different subjects of the professions at the teaching institutions or out in the regions. The veterinary medical associations are heavily involved in this education. In all the Nordic countries except Sweden, the doctor's degree is exclusively based on a research project. In Sweden a charge has taken place with formal course work in addition to the research project, more like for the Ph.D. degree. In Finland no formal graduate education is organized. Denmark and Norway have a licentiate degree in addition to the doctor's degree. The licentiate studies in both countries are a three years graduate course with a major subject and 2--3 minors and a research project.
在所有北欧国家，兽医继续教育的组织方式大致相同。在教学机构或各地区，针对该行业的不同科目安排了短期课程（1至5天）。兽医医学协会深度参与此类教育。除瑞典外，在所有北欧国家，博士学位完全基于一个研究项目。在瑞典，除了研究项目外，还增加了正规的课程学习，更类似于博士学位的情况。在芬兰，没有组织正规的研究生教育。丹麦和挪威除了博士学位外，还有一个 licentiate 学位。两国的 licentiate 学习都是为期三年的研究生课程，有一个主修科目、2至3个辅修科目以及一个研究项目。
