[Continuing and graduate veterinary education in the Scandinavian countries].

In all the Nordic countries the veterinary continuing education is organized in somewhat the same way. Short courses (1 to 5 days) are arranged in the different subjects of the professions at the teaching institutions or out in the regions. The veterinary medical associations are heavily involved in this education. In all the Nordic countries except Sweden, the doctor's degree is exclusively based on a research project. In Sweden a charge has taken place with formal course work in addition to the research project, more like for the Ph.D. degree. In Finland no formal graduate education is organized. Denmark and Norway have a licentiate degree in addition to the doctor's degree. The licentiate studies in both countries are a three years graduate course with a major subject and 2--3 minors and a research project.