Meyendorf R
Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr (1970). 1982;232(2):119-35. doi: 10.1007/BF00343694.
The visual disturbances of 45 patients following open heart surgery could be divided into disturbances of (1) visual acuity, (2) visual accuracy, and (3) visual reality testing. The non-hallucinatory phenomena consisted mainly of loss of colour vision, metamorphopsias, visual gnostic disorders and cortical blindness. The hallucinatory phenomena could be divided into the delirium type of hallucinations with clouding of consciousness and the spectator type of hallucinations with a clear sensorium. The causes of the visual symptomatology and cardiac psychoses are seen in microembolization and/or ischemic hypoxia. The basal ganglia and the occipital lobe are areas of predilection for embolic and hypoxic changes. Identical psychoses also occur in cerebral malaria and polycythemia vera which show the same embolic and anoxic neuropathological changes of vascular occlusion as do many patients who die following open heart surgery with extracorporal circulation.
45例心脏直视手术后出现的视觉障碍可分为以下几类：（1）视力障碍；（2）视觉准确性障碍；（3）视觉现实测试障碍。非幻觉现象主要包括色觉丧失、视物变形、视觉认知障碍和皮质盲。幻觉现象可分为意识模糊的谵妄型幻觉和意识清晰的旁观者型幻觉。视觉症状和心脏性精神病的病因可见于微栓塞和/或缺血性缺氧。基底神经节和枕叶是栓塞和缺氧性改变的好发部位。在脑型疟疾和真性红细胞增多症中也会出现相同的精神病，这些疾病与许多体外循环心脏直视手术后死亡的患者一样，表现出相同的血管闭塞性栓塞和缺氧性神经病理改变。
