Arbus G S, DeMaria J E, Galiwango J, Irwin M A, Churchill B M
Can Med Assoc J. 1980 Mar 22;122(6):655-9.
Renal dialysis and transplantation have been used for many years for adults with kidney failure but only recently for children. In May 1967 a renal-dialysis-transplantation program was established at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto for patients aged 6 to 18 years living within 240 km of Toronto. In 1973, children aged 1 to 5 years began to be accepted into the program, and by August 1977, 90 children (mean age 11 years) from all parts of Canada had been admitted to the program. The creation of vascular access in very small patients is difficult; the most successful types of access have been central shunts (established above the knee or the elbow) and bovine grafts. Specially made dialysis equipment is necessary for young patients. Young children should only be accepted in a dialysis-transplantation program that has a medical staff expert in meeting the specific needs of such children.
肾透析和移植多年来一直用于成年肾衰竭患者，但用于儿童则是最近的事。1967年5月，多伦多病童医院为居住在距多伦多240公里范围内的6至18岁患者设立了肾透析-移植项目。1973年，1至5岁的儿童开始被纳入该项目，到1977年8月，来自加拿大各地的90名儿童（平均年龄11岁）已被该项目录取。为非常小的患者建立血管通路很困难；最成功的通路类型是中心分流术（在膝盖或肘部上方建立）和牛移植血管。年幼患者需要特制的透析设备。只有在拥有能满足此类儿童特殊需求的专业医务人员的透析-移植项目中，才应接收幼儿。
