Muhlbauer J E
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980 Sep;3(3):217-30. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(80)80181-2.
Granuloma annular (GA) is a benign inflammatory skin disease usually localized to the distal extremities, although generalized, perforating, and subcutaneous variants have also been identified. A regular histopathologic feature is the presence of mononuclear cells, often in palisading array, around foci of altered collagen. The clinical and histologic features of each subtype of GA are discussed along with a differential diagnosis. A variety of remedies have been used to treat GA, but efficacy is hard to define in a disease in which spontaneous resolution is usual outcome. GA has not been conclusively linked either to diabetes or solar radiation. Recent data suggest a role for vascular injury or delayed-type hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis, but the cause of GA remains obscure.
环状肉芽肿（GA）是一种良性炎症性皮肤病，通常局限于四肢远端，不过也已发现有泛发型、穿通型和皮下型等变异型。一个典型的组织病理学特征是在胶原改变的病灶周围存在单核细胞，且常常呈栅栏状排列。本文将讨论GA各亚型的临床和组织学特征以及鉴别诊断。人们已使用多种疗法来治疗GA，但在这种通常会自发消退的疾病中，疗效难以明确界定。GA与糖尿病或日光照射之间尚未建立确凿的关联。近期数据表明血管损伤或迟发型超敏反应在其发病机制中起作用，但GA的病因仍不明确。
