Gould S J
Science. 1982 Apr 23;216(4544):380-7. doi: 10.1126/science.7041256.
The essence of Darwinism lies in the claim that natural selection is a creative force, and in the reductionist assertion that selection upon individual organisms is the locus of evolutionary change. Critiques of adaptationism and gradualism call into doubt the traditional consequences of the argument for creativity, while a concept of hierarchy, with selection acting upon such higher-level "individuals" as demes and species, challenges the reductionist claim. An expanded hierarchical theory would not be Darwinism, has strictly defined, but it would capture, in abstract form, the fundamental feature of Darwin's vision--direction of evolution by selection at each level.
达尔文主义的核心在于主张自然选择是一种创造性力量，以及在于还原论的断言，即对个体生物体的选择是进化变化的场所。对适应主义和渐变论的批判使人们对该论证关于创造性的传统结论产生怀疑，而一种层级概念，即选择作用于诸如种群和物种等更高层次的“个体”，则对还原论的主张提出了挑战。严格来说，一种扩展的层级理论不会是达尔文主义，但它会以抽象形式捕捉到达尔文观点的基本特征——在每个层次通过选择实现进化的方向。
