Neville A M, Patel S, Capp M, Laurence D J, Cooper E H, Turberville C, Coombes R C
Cancer. 1978 Sep;42(3 Suppl):1448-51. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197809)42:3+<1448::aid-cncr2820420812>3.0.co;2-w.
During the past decade, evidence has accumulated to show that most, if not all, human tumors produce a variety of different factors which, if they pass into the blood and/or urine, may serve as tumor index substances (tumor markers).7 Tumor markers may either be: 1) tumor-derived--i.e., produced by the tumor itself, or 2) tumor-associated--i.e., produced by other tissues in response to the presence of the tumor and its local or distant effects on that tissue. Examples of this latter category include the changes in urinary hydroxyproline output in patients with bone metastases or the altered levels of serum acute phase proteins in neoplasia in general.7 Tumor-derived markers may be produced by either the tumor cell population itself, e.g., CEA, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and other oncofetal antigens, inappropriate hormones such as ACTH etc., or by their supporting framework (stroma), e.g., the osteolysins of human breast cancer.3
在过去十年中，越来越多的证据表明，即使不是所有，大多数人类肿瘤都会产生多种不同的因子。如果这些因子进入血液和/或尿液，它们可能作为肿瘤指标物质（肿瘤标志物）。肿瘤标志物可以是：1）肿瘤衍生的，即由肿瘤本身产生；或者2）肿瘤相关的，即由其他组织响应肿瘤的存在及其对该组织的局部或远处影响而产生。后一类的例子包括骨转移患者尿羟脯氨酸排出量的变化，或一般肿瘤形成时血清急性期蛋白水平的改变。肿瘤衍生的标志物可以由肿瘤细胞群体本身产生，例如癌胚抗原（CEA）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）和其他癌胚抗原、不适当的激素如促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）等，或者由其支持框架（基质）产生，例如人类乳腺癌的溶骨素。
