Yonas A, Pettersen L, Granrud C E
Child Dev. 1982 Oct;53(5):1285-90.
2 experiments tested the effectiveness of familiar size as information for perceived distance. In Experiment 1, under monocular viewing conditions, adults judged the distances to large and small (34.2 cm and 16.9 cm high) photographs of faces and to large and small checkerboard ovals equal to the faces in size. Familiar size influenced subjects' distance estimates. The small faces were judged to be more than twice the distance of the large faces. No significant difference was found between the judged distances to large and small checkerboards. In Experiment 2, the same displays were presented to 5- and 7-month-old infants. Faces were viewed either monocularly or binocularly; checkerboards were viewed monocularly. Duration of reaching was observed as a measure of perceived distance. 7-month-olds gave clear evidence of sensitivity to familiar size. In the monocular-face condition, the difference in duration of reaching to the large and small faces was significantly larger than in either the binocular-face condition or the monocular-checkerboard condition. This indicates that infants were not simply reaching to large faces or large objects without regard to spatial information. Rather, these results indicate that they perceived the large faces to be within reach and the small faces to be beyond reach in the monocular condition. 5-month-olds failed to provide evidence of sensitivity to familiar size.
两项实验测试了熟悉大小作为感知距离信息的有效性。在实验1中，在单眼观察条件下，成年人判断大小不同（高34.2厘米和16.9厘米）的人脸照片以及与脸大小相同的大小不同的棋盘状椭圆形的距离。熟悉大小影响了受试者的距离估计。小尺寸的脸被判断为比大尺寸脸的距离远两倍多。在判断大棋盘和小棋盘的距离之间未发现显著差异。在实验2中，向5个月和7个月大的婴儿展示了相同的展示物。人脸通过单眼或双眼观察；棋盘通过单眼观察。观察伸手够取的持续时间作为感知距离的一种测量方法。7个月大的婴儿表现出对熟悉大小敏感的明确证据。在单眼观察人脸的条件下，伸手够取大尺寸脸和小尺寸脸的持续时间差异显著大于双眼观察人脸的条件或单眼观察棋盘的条件。这表明婴儿并非简单地不顾空间信息就伸手够大尺寸脸或大物体。相反，这些结果表明在单眼条件下，他们认为大尺寸脸伸手可及，而小尺寸脸够不着。5个月大的婴儿没有表现出对熟悉大小敏感的证据。
