Heckman J L, Stewart G H, Lynch P R, Ziskin M C
Am Heart J. 1982 Dec;104(6):1309-18. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90161-2.
Catheter-tipped micromanometers were used to simultaneously record left ventricular and aortic pressures, and left ventricular and aortic internal phonocardiograms in order to determine if they had a common mode of origin and propagation. Spectrographic analysis showed that even with high-pass filtration the phonocardiogram obtained with a commonly used system (Millar) contained large amounts of energy in the subaudible frequency range (below 40 Hz). It was possible to derive close facsimiles of the phonocardiograms by double differentiation of the corresponding pressure pulse and conversely to derive the pressure pulse by double integration of the phonocardiograms. The propagation velocities of the first heart sound, second heart sound, and the foot of the aortic pressure pulse were found to be similar and were respectively, 4.3 +/- 0.2, 4.6 +/- 0.3, and 4.2 +/- 0.2 m/sec (+/- SE). These data support the concept that the low frequency pressure variations produced by the heart, which predominate in the left ventricular and aortic pressure pulse waveforms, are generated and propagated in the same manner as the high frequency pressure variations, which are the first and second heart sounds.
