Gardner R
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982 Dec;39(12):1436-41. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290120066013.
Characteristics of mania describe individuals who are human counterparts of "alpha" members of nonhuman species. Depressive characteristics described low rank or "omega" persons. These similarities provided initial support for a model of manic-depressive disorder that hypothesizes these bipolar states to be (1) basically identical to an organismic state also experienced by persons at the corresponding extremes of social rank, (2) triggered unusually easily and maintained unusually rigorously in spite of social reality (in contrast to those for whom the organismic state and social reality are congruent), and (3) genetically transmitted via mechanisms that enhance this ease of onset and rigidity of maintenance (v mechanisms presumed to be state specific). This theoretic model defines some illness components as variations of normal states, others as pathologic, and still others as reactive. This conception may guide investigative work with experimental animals.
躁狂的特征描述的是人类中与非人类物种的“阿尔法”成员相对应的个体。抑郁的特征描述的是低等级或“欧米伽”个体。这些相似之处为躁狂抑郁症模型提供了初步支持，该模型假设这些双相状态为：（1）基本上等同于处于社会等级相应极端的人所经历的一种机体状态；（2）尽管与社会现实不符，但异常容易触发且异常严格地维持（与机体状态和社会现实相符的人形成对比）；（3）通过增强这种发作易感性和维持刚性的机制进行遗传传递（假定这些机制是状态特异性的）。这个理论模型将一些疾病成分定义为正常状态的变体，另一些为病理性的，还有一些为反应性的。这一概念可能会指导对实验动物的研究工作。
