Giacolini Teodosio, Sabatello Ugo
Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jan 14;9:2475. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02475. eCollection 2018.
This article highlights the evolutionary biological epistemology in Freud psychoanalytic theory. The concepts of aggressive and sexual drives are cornerstones of the psychoanalytic epistemological system, concerning the motivational/emotional roots of mental functioning. These biological roots of mental functioning, especially with regard to aggressive drive, have gradually faded away from psychoanalytic epistemology, as we show in this article. Currently, however, Neurosciences, and in particular Affective Neuroscience (Panksepp, 1998), can help us to have a better understanding of the biological roots of human mental functioning. The motivational/emotional systems studied by Affective Neuroscience can give a new epistemological foundation to the aggressive drive concept in psychoanalytic theory. Over the course of human evolution, motivational/emotional systems have played a role in social relationships and also in mental functioning. In this regard, among the various types of aggression (ANGER in Panksepp taxonomy 1998) that we consider in our article, aggression, also named , is that which regulates social interactions between sexually matured adults. This type of aggression acts in complementary connection with FEAR motivational/emotional system that regulate submissive behavior and social defeat, and the latter one is of the more important stressors. The interaction between aggression and FEAR motivational/emotional systems gives rise to agonistic behavior or dominance/submission motivational/emotional system, as we propose in our article. There is now a large literature that identifies in the dynamic of , which is one of the main factors of mental illness. When social interactions activate the competitive behavior, the subject can perceive himself as "destined to victory" or "destined to defeat," activating either behaviors or emotions connected to the or (Sloman, 2002), which we can find in many types of mental disorders, for example, mood disorders or anxiety disorders.
本文重点介绍了弗洛伊德精神分析理论中的进化生物认识论。攻击驱力和性驱力的概念是精神分析认识论体系的基石，涉及心理功能的动机/情感根源。正如我们在本文中所指出的，心理功能的这些生物学根源，尤其是关于攻击驱力的根源，已逐渐从精神分析认识论中消失。然而，目前神经科学，特别是情感神经科学（潘克塞普，1998年），可以帮助我们更好地理解人类心理功能的生物学根源。情感神经科学所研究的动机/情感系统可以为精神分析理论中的攻击驱力概念提供新的认识论基础。在人类进化过程中，动机/情感系统在社会关系和心理功能中都发挥了作用。在这方面，在我们文章中所考虑的各种类型的攻击行为（潘克塞普1998年分类法中的“愤怒”）中，攻击行为，也被称为 ，是调节性成熟成年人之间社会互动的行为。这种攻击行为与调节顺从行为和社会挫败的恐惧动机/情感系统以互补的方式相互作用，而后者是更重要的应激源之一。正如我们在文章中所提出的，攻击驱力和恐惧动机/情感系统之间的相互作用产生了争斗行为或支配/服从动机/情感系统。现在有大量文献指出 的动态变化是精神疾病的主要因素之一。当社会互动激活竞争行为时，个体可能会将自己视为“注定胜利”或“注定失败”，从而激活与 或 相关的行为或情绪（斯洛曼，2002年），我们可以在许多类型的精神障碍中发现这种情况，例如情绪障碍或焦虑障碍。
