Malina R M, Mueller W H, Bouchard C, Shoup R F, Lariviere G
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(6):445-52. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198206000-00007.
Six skinfold measurements for male and female athletes (N=456) at the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games were analyzed to identify principal components of fatness and anatomical distribution of fat, i.e., fat patterning. As in non-athletes, two principal components were evident among the athletes. All skinfolds were correlated positively with the first component, which was termed fatness, while extremity fat measurements were correlated positively and trunk measurements were correlated negatively with the second principal component, which was termed an extremity/trunk ratio component. The two principal components accounted for about 85% of the variance. The first component was related to control variables in order of descending contribution to its variance as follows: sex (21-31%), sport (19%), ethnicity (3%), and age (1-3%). Likewise, the second component (extremity/trunk ratio) was related to the control variables: sex (20-35%), age (4-7%), ethnicity (2%), and sport (2%). Fatness is more influenced by sport and by inference training than is the anatomical distribution or patterning of fat on the extremities relative to the trunk. The latter characteristic may be more dependent on biological or environmental factors unrelated to sport and training.
