Müller K H, Müller-Färber J
Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1982;358:133-40. doi: 10.1007/BF01271769.
The rare application of external stabilisation requires special knowledge of its indications and surgical assembly, which are closely linked to usually serious bone and soft-tissue damage, topographical prerequisites and biomechanical requirements. This paper differentiates the indications for external osteosynthesis of the femur, immobilisation using external fixation to bridge a joint, unstable fractures of the pelvic girdle, osteosynthesis and application of the fixateur externe in the region of the knee, hip and hand joints, as well as the foot. Combinations of internal and external osteosynthesis techniques in the femur and tibia are presented and discussed. Criteria are discussed for changing from primary external to final internal osteosynthesis, as well as osteotaxis indicated solely by the soft tissue or in plastic surgery.
外固定的罕见应用需要对其适应证和手术组装有专门的知识，这与通常严重的骨骼和软组织损伤、局部先决条件及生物力学要求密切相关。本文区分了股骨外固定术的适应证、使用外固定架固定以跨越关节、骨盆带不稳定骨折、膝关节、髋关节和手部关节以及足部区域的外固定架固定术和应用，还介绍并讨论了股骨和胫骨内固定与外固定技术的联合应用。文中讨论了从初始外固定转变为最终内固定的标准，以及仅由软组织或整形外科手术所指示的骨整复。
