Degradative effects of conventional steam sterilization on biomaterial surfaces.

Prior to implantation trials in animals, the effect of steam sterilization on the surface properties of metallic and coated biomaterials was studied. Pure germanium plates and cast surgical Vitallium discs and subperiosteal implants were treated to present three standard types of biomaterials surfaces prior to steam sterilization, ranging from scrupulously clean, high-energy metals to uniformly low-energy organic layers. Both before and after sterilization, the sample surfaces were characterized by a variety of nondestructive physiochemical techniques. The results indicate that steam sterilization is likely to compromise the properties of otherwise carefully prepared biomedical implants by depositing hydrophobic organic and hygroscopic salt contaminants over the implant surfaces.