Richter E D, Gordon M, Halamish M, Gribetz B
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1981 Jan;52(1):53-6.
To prevent crash-related death and injury among spray pilots, a program including pre-crash, crash and post-crash stages of intervention for aircraft, physical environment, and pilots and ground crews was proposed in accordance with a matrix of options derived from road crash epidemiology. In addition to the dangers of fixed obstacles, low-altitude runs, and heavy work schedules, work hazards included combined exposures to noise, vibration, G forces, heat stress, pesticides, and dehydration. Together, these exposures were believed to have produced slight, but crucial decreases in pilot performance, alertness and skill. For aircraft, the major pre-crash measure was cockpit air cooling, with filter technologies to prevent in-flight pesticide exposure. Crash and post-crash design changes to reduce energy transfers to the pilot's body (thermal, kinetic) were the most important recommendations, because absolute prevention of the crash event was unlikely. For the environment, pre-crash recommendations included marking fixed obstacles, such as power and telephone lines, but preferably their elimination. Other measures included drainage pits with sodium hydroxide points to neutralize parathion and prevent dispersion of parathion-containing mists. Pilot pre-crash measures (more fluid intake, biological monitoring--EMG, urinary alkyl phosphate, cholinesterase testing) required special organizational arrangements. Systematic application of options from the foregoing matrix suggest that the high risk of death and injury from aerial spraying is unnecessary.
为防止喷雾机飞行员因坠机而死亡和受伤，根据道路交通事故流行病学得出的一系列选项，提出了一项涵盖飞机、物理环境以及飞行员和地勤人员的坠机前、坠机中和坠机后干预阶段的计划。除了固定障碍物、低空飞行和繁重工作日程带来的危险外，工作危害还包括接触噪音、振动、重力、热应激、农药和脱水的综合影响。据信，这些综合影响会使飞行员的表现、警觉性和技能出现轻微但至关重要的下降。对于飞机而言，坠机前的主要措施是驾驶舱空气冷却，并采用过滤技术以防止飞行中接触农药。坠机中和坠机后的设计改进，以减少传递到飞行员身体的能量（热、动能），是最重要的建议，因为完全防止坠机事件不太可能。对于环境而言，坠机前的建议包括标记固定障碍物，如电力线和电话线，但最好将其清除。其他措施包括设有氢氧化钠点的排水坑，以中和对硫磷并防止含对硫磷的雾气扩散。飞行员坠机前的措施（增加液体摄入量、进行生物监测——肌电图、尿烷基磷酸盐、胆碱酯酶检测）需要特殊的组织安排。系统应用上述一系列选项表明，空中喷洒造成的高死亡和受伤风险是不必要的。
