Rist F, Baumann W, Cohen R
Pavlov J Biol Sci. 1981 Jan-Mar;16(1):8-17. doi: 10.1007/BF03001265.
Chronic schizophrenics under neuroleptic medication were compared with normals, matched for age and education, in two conditioning experiments. Both experiments employed a differential paradigm with long conditional stimulus--unconditional stimulus (CS-UCS) intervals. Skin resistance (SR) and finger pulse or heart rate (HR) were recorded. In Experiment 1, half of the subjects were trained in categorizing the to-be conditional stimuli. In a further step, half of the subjects were informed about the CS-UCS contingency. The UCS was an electric shock. Information improved discrimination of SR responses only of normals, and discrimination training had no effect at all on autonomic responses. In Experiment 2, only electrodermal responders were included. Each subject was tested in two sessions, using a loud tone as UCS in one, and a reaction time signal in the other. Again, half of the subjects wee informed about the contingency. Information improved discrimination of SR responses of both diagnostic groups. Decelerations of HR following CS onset showed informed schizophrenics to discriminate better with the loud tone UCS than with the reaction time signal. General autonomic responsivity seems to determine not only discriminative conditioning of schizophrenic patients but also the reports of awareness and the effects of manipulations of awareness. However, when subjects are matched for electrodermal responsivity and are equivalent in terms of SR response conditioning, patients react to information about the contingency with enhanced HR deceleration to the CSs, possibly reflecting a heightened sensitivity of the cardiovascular system.
在两项条件反射实验中，对正在服用抗精神病药物的慢性精神分裂症患者与在年龄和教育程度上相匹配的正常人进行了比较。两项实验均采用了具有较长条件刺激 - 无条件刺激（CS - UCS）间隔的辨别范式。记录了皮肤电阻（SR）和手指脉搏或心率（HR）。在实验1中，一半的受试者接受了对即将成为条件刺激的刺激进行分类的训练。在进一步的步骤中，一半的受试者被告知CS - UCS的关联性。无条件刺激是电击。信息仅改善了正常人对SR反应的辨别能力，而辨别训练对自主反应根本没有影响。在实验2中，仅纳入了皮电反应者。每个受试者在两个阶段接受测试，在一个阶段中使用响亮的音调作为无条件刺激，在另一个阶段中使用反应时间信号。同样，一半的受试者被告知关联性。信息改善了两个诊断组对SR反应的辨别能力。CS开始后HR的减速表明，被告知的精神分裂症患者对响亮音调的无条件刺激的辨别能力比对反应时间信号的辨别能力更好。一般自主反应性似乎不仅决定了精神分裂症患者的辨别性条件反射，还决定了意识报告以及意识操纵的效果。然而，当受试者在皮电反应性方面相匹配并且在SR反应条件反射方面相当，患者对关于关联性的信息的反应是对CS的HR减速增强，这可能反映了心血管系统更高的敏感性。
