Simonds M P, Simonds J F
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1981 Fall;12(1):19-31. doi: 10.1007/BF00706670.
Mothers of 182 preschool nursery school children rated their own parenting responses on a "Parent's Report" questionnaire. At the same time the mothers responded to the "Behavior Style Questionnaire" (BSQ) from which scores were determined for nine categories of temperament. On the basis of category scores the children were grouped into one of five temperament clusters i.e. easy, difficult, slow to warm up, high intermediate, low intermediate. The children's membership in BSQ clusters was independent of sex, age, birth order, and mothers employment status but there was a significantly higher ratio of "easy" children from higher socioeconomic classes I and II. Mothers of children grouped in either the "difficult" or "slow to warmup"clusters were more likely to use "guilt inducing" and "temper-detachment" parenting styles than mothers of children grouped in the "easy" cluster.
182名学龄前儿童的母亲在一份“家长报告”问卷上对自己的育儿反应进行了评分。与此同时，母亲们还回答了“行为风格问卷”（BSQ），据此确定了九种气质类型的得分。根据类别得分，孩子们被分为五个气质组之一，即容易型、困难型、慢热型、高中间型、低中间型。孩子们在BSQ组中的归属与性别、年龄、出生顺序和母亲的就业状况无关，但来自社会经济阶层I和II较高阶层的“容易型”儿童比例明显更高。与“容易型”组孩子的母亲相比，“困难型”或“慢热型”组孩子的母亲更有可能采用“诱发内疚”和“情绪疏离”的育儿方式。
